WASHINGTON (NewsNation) — Dr. Anthony Fauci, the public face of the government’s response to the coronavirus pandemic, offered his first congressional testimony in nearly two years Monday in front of a GOP-led committee that grilled him over alleged misconduct that occurred under his leadership of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID).

Fauci, the NIAID director for nearly 40 years, testified before the House Select Subcommittee on the Coronavirus Pandemic. It’s his first testimony since leaving government work at the end of 2022. 

Some of the main questions for Fauci concerned pandemic policies like social distancing, specifically the six-feet-apart rule, masking, remote school policies, and most contentiously the origins of the pandemic.

Republicans and Democrats on the subcommittee took different approaches in their questioning of Fauci. Some argued Fauci was used as a scapegoat for former President Donald Trump’s mishandling of the pandemic, while others argued Fauci misguided America during a fragile time.

Fauci’s testimony

In Fauci’s testimony, he highlighted how decades of vaccine research helped prepare them to deliver shots 11 months after the virus emerged and develop vaccines for COVID variants.

According to opening statements obtained by NewsNation ahead of the hearing, Fauci addressed issues that “through misinformation and disinformation” led to confusion on the part of the public.

He addressed the theory that the pandemic started in a lab in Wuhan, China, asserting that he didn’t try to sway public opinion against it. He mentioned that a large conference call soon after concluded that COVID most likely originated from animal-to-human transmission.

He also addressed the accusation that he actively tried to minimize and “cover up” the possibility that COVID-19 originated from a laboratory leak, and his emails prove it.

“In fact, those emails prove exactly the opposite, namely, that I was proactive in making sure that any possible ‘laboratory leak’ was actively investigated,” Fauci wrote.

Fauci shot down the accusation that he had bribed scientists to dismiss the Wuhan lab theory.

“An accusation has since been circulated that I influenced these scientists to change their minds by ‘bribing’ them with millions of dollars in grant money. There is no way to answer this accusation except to say that it is preposterous,” Fauci wrote.

The last time he testified before Congress was in September 2022, when he appeared before the Senate Health Education, Labor and Pensions Committee alongside other health officials to discuss the response to a monkeypox outbreak. 

Fauci did return to the Capitol earlier this year for two days of closed-door interviews with the House subcommittee. Transcripts of those all-day interviews were published Friday ahead of the hearing. 

His testimony comes on the heels of two highly contentious hearings before the subcommittee that raised questions over the level of oversight and conduct that went on in his agency, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic that raised him to public prominence. 

Public records controversy

Fauci faced tough questions from Republicans about what he knew of efforts by another NIAID official accused of evading public records laws.

Over the past month, the select subcommittee has taken testimony from EcoHealth Alliance President Peter Daszak and David Morens, a senior adviser to the NIAID director who worked closely with Fauci. 

Morens’ testimony did little to endear Republicans to Fauci. Previously publicized emails from Morens suggested Fauci knew of public records misconduct at NIAID and sought to detach himself from it. 

In one email exchange with Daszak, Morens wrote “there is no worry about FOIAs. I can either send stuff to Tony on his private gmail, or hand it to him at work or at his house. He is too smart to let colleagues send him stuff that could cause trouble.” 

In another email, Morens told Daszak that Fauci was seeking to protect EcoHealth from scrutiny, though in other emails, he indicated the former NIAID director wasn’t particularly involved in National Institutes of Health grants. Morens testified before the subcommittee that Fauci did not comment when asked in a conversation between them whether he had a hand in getting rid of a grant for EcoHealth. 

Speaking to The Hill, subcommittee Chair Brad Wenstrup, R-Ohio, questioned if Fauci’s leadership as NIAID director had a role in Morens’ behavior. 

“Under Dr. Fauci, we see Dr. Daszak from EcoHealth Alliance and Dr. David Morens and their willingness to deceive. And you know, they seem to be without scruples.” 

Morens came up sporadically throughout Fauci’s January interview, though the bulk of questions had to do with whether Fauci dictated how Morens could communicate with the press. Fauci said he left those issues up to the NIAID’s press office. 

Democrats have routinely accused GOP members of trying to transfer blame for the pitfalls of the pandemic response onto public health officials like Fauci. 

A partisan hearing

Republicans and Democrats on the subcommittee are planning to approach the hearing from different angles. 

Wenstrup said he plans to ask questions about the grant process, whether Fauci knew of Morens’ communications with Daszak and continue to press the former government official on what he believes were the origins of the COVID-19 pandemic. 

“I think we need to ask questions about whether he thinks it’s a good process or not. And I’d like to hear what he thinks we should do going forward since he was involved with what I believe to be mistakes or a misguided process,” the chairman said. “Maybe we’ll get to hear from him on how we can do things better in the future.” 

Throughout his January interview, Fauci repeatedly said he did not recall certain details, though this was often in response to particularly granular questions or whether he remembered speaking to certain people. Fauci himself seemed to anticipate how this would reflect on him. 

“I guess this is going to go into the thing of ‘Fauci said so many times he can’t recall,’ but I can’t recall,” he said during the second day of interviews. 

Wenstrup said he hoped Fauci’s recollection had improved in the months since his interview. 

“But I think there are a lot of things he said he didn’t recall, and it’s probably in his best interest to not recall them,” Wenstrup said. “I’m not a lawyer, but it seems to me that might be some lawyerly advice.” 

Democratic committee member Rep. Deborah Ross of North Carolina said she plans to ask what public health guidance Fauci can offer. 

“I will be focusing a lot on what public health has learned, how we can improve things, how to go forward in terms of communicating with the community,” Ross said. 

When asked if she believes Fauci’s testimony will be worthwhile given the exhaustive interview he gave just months ago, Ross said, “It would be worthwhile if we could work together toward a common goal. But I don’t think it’s worthwhile to attack a public health official who did everything that he could at the time with the goal of public health in mind.” 

Fauci’s closed-door interview

Transcripts from Fauci’s interview with the select subcommittee in January were released Friday, giving a glimpse into the veteran scientist’s thoughts about the pandemic and his time as the country’s leading health adviser. Since leaving NIAID, Fauci has avoided interviews or making public comments. 

In his interview, he restated that he was open to both the natural origins and lab-leak theories about the virus, but leaned towards the natural origins given the current scientific evidence.  

He also reiterated his stance that federal funding did not reach the Wuhan Institute of Virology to support gain-of-function research, which enhances a pathogen’s transmissibility to predict how it may mutate in the future. 

Fauci said that by the “strict definition” of what gain-of-function research is — an experiment meant to cause an “increase in the transmissibility and/or the pathogenesis of a (potential pandemic pathogen)” — he did not believe gain-of-function research was funded by U.S. grants. 

He also briefly touched on how prior congressional testimonies affected him and his family.  

Asked about the threats he received during the pandemic, Fauci requested a “time out for a second” and the interview went off the record. When the interview went back on the record, he linked the threats and harassment he received during the pandemic to prior testimonies. 

“Every time Sen. Rand Paul gets up and says I’m responsible for the death of 4 million people, the death threats go up off the wall, the threats against me and my wife and my children go off of the wall,” he said. 

Fauci and Sen. Rand Paul, R-Ky., had numerous heated exchanges during Senate hearings throughout the pandemic. In one 2022 hearing, Fauci accused Paul of “distorting everything about me,” and adding “you just do the same thing every hearing.” 

“I don’t want to talk too much about it because I don’t want to get it,” added Fauci. “But it was constant threats to me, my wife, and my children, calling up — I have three daughters, and they’re, you know, at the time 28, 31, and 33, calling them up and saying — I don’t know how they got their phone number — but calling them up and telling them, ‘We know where you live, we know where you work,’ and very, very aggressive, violent, sexually explicit threats against them and against my wife.”